(and my book list)

To what extent can we expect students to teach themselves? Is the elimination of homework the first step or are certain parameters, guidelines and even major systemic change needed first?

Beyond Measure is a strong source on this.

From The Conversation via The Creative Commons

How do you know that what you know is true? That’s epistemology

Peter Ellerton, The University of Queensland

How do you know what the weather will be like tomorrow? How do you know how old the Universe is? How do you know if you are thinking rationally?

These and other questions of the “how do you know?” variety are the business of epistemology, the area of philosophy concerned with understanding the nature of knowledge and belief.

Epistemology is about understanding how we come to know that something is the case, whether it be a matter of fact such as “the Earth is warming” or a matter of value such as “people should not just be treated as means to particular ends”.

It’s even about interrogating the odd presidential tweet to determine its credibility.

Epistemology doesn’t just ask questions about what we should do to find things out; that is the task of all disciplines to some extent. For example, science, history and anthropology all have their own methods for finding things out.

Epistemology has the job of making those methods themselves the objects of study. It aims to understand how methods of inquiry can be seen as rational endeavours.

Epistemology, therefore, is concerned with the justification of knowledge claims.

The need for epistemology

Whatever the area in which we work, some people imagine that beliefs about the world are formed mechanically from straightforward reasoning, or that they pop into existence fully formed as a result of clear and distinct perceptions of the world.

But if the business of knowing things was so simple, we’d all agree on a bunch of things that we currently disagree about – such as how to treat each other, what value to place on the environment, and the optimal role of government in a society.

That we do not reach such an agreement means there is something wrong with that model of belief formation.

It is interesting that we individually tend to think of ourselves as clear thinkers and see those who disagree with us as misguided. We imagine that the impressions we have about the world come to us unsullied and unfiltered. We think we have the capacity to see things just as they really are, and that it is others who have confused perceptions.

As a result, we might think our job is simply to point out where other people have gone wrong in their thinking, rather than to engage in rational dialogue allowing for the possibility that we might actually be wrong.

But the lessons of philosophy, psychology and cognitive science teach us otherwise. The complex, organic processes that fashion and guide our reasoning are not so clinically pure.

Not only are we in the grip of a staggeringly complex array of cognitive biases and dispositions, but we are generally ignorant of their role in our thinking and decision-making.

Combine this ignorance with the conviction of our own epistemic superiority, and you can begin to see the magnitude of the problem. Appeals to “common sense” to overcome the friction of alternative views just won’t cut it.

We need, therefore, a systematic way of interrogating our own thinking, our models of rationality, and our own sense of what makes for a good reason. It can be used as a more objective standard for assessing the merit of claims made in the public arena.

This is precisely the job of epistemology.

Epistemology and critical thinking

One of the clearest ways to understand critical thinking is as applied epistemology. Issues such as the nature of logical inference, why we should accept one line of reasoning over another, and how we understand the nature of evidence and its contribution to decision making, are all decidedly epistemic concerns.

The American philosopher Harvey Siegel points out that these questions and others are essential in an education towards thinking critically.

By what criteria do we evaluate reasons? How are those criteria themselves evaluated? What is it for a belief or action to be justified? What is the relationship between justification and truth? […] these epistemological considerations are fundamental to an adequate understanding of critical thinking and should be explicitly treated in basic critical thinking courses.

To the extent that critical thinking is about analysing and evaluating methods of inquiry and assessing the credibility of resulting claims, it is an epistemic endeavour.

Engaging with deeper issues about the nature of rational persuasion can also help us to make judgements about claims even without specialist knowledge.

For example, epistemology can help clarify concepts such as “proof”, “theory”, “law” and “hypothesis” that are generally poorly understood by the general public and indeed some scientists.

In this way, epistemology serves not to adjudicate on the credibility of science, but to better understand its strengths and limitations and hence make scientific knowledge more accessible.

Epistemology and the public good

One of the enduring legacies of the Enlightenment, the intellectual movement that began in Europe during the 17th century, is a commitment to public reason. This was the idea that it’s not enough to state your position, you must also provide a rational case for why others should stand with you. In other words, to produce and prosecute an argument.

This commitment provides for, or at least makes possible, an objective method of assessing claims using epistemological criteria that we can all have a say in forging.

That we test each others’ thinking and collaboratively arrive at standards of epistemic credibility lifts the art of justification beyond the limitations of individual minds, and grounds it in the collective wisdom of reflective and effective communities of inquiry.

The sincerity of one’s belief, the volume or frequency with which it is stated, or assurances to “believe me” should not be rationally persuasive by themselves.

If a particular claim does not satisfy publicly agreed epistemological criteria, then it is the essence of scepticism to suspend belief. And it is the essence of gullibility to surrender to it.

A defence against bad thinking

There is a way to help guard against poor reasoning – ours and others’ – that draws from not only the Enlightenment but also from the long history of philosophical inquiry.

So the next time you hear a contentious claim from someone, consider how that claim can be supported if they or you were to present it to an impartial or disinterested person:

• identify reasons that can be given in support of the claim
• explain how your analysis, evaluation and justification of the claim and of the reasoning involved are of a standard worth someone’s intellectual investment
• write these things down as clearly and dispassionately as possible.

In other words, make the commitment to public reasoning. And demand of others that they do so as well, stripped of emotive terms and biased framing.

If you or they cannot provide a precise and coherent chain of reasoning, or if the reasons remain tainted with clear biases, or if you give up in frustration, it’s a pretty good sign that there are other factors in play.

It is the commitment to this epistemic process, rather than any specific outcome, that is the valid ticket onto the rational playing field.

At a time when political rhetoric is riven with irrationality, when knowledge is being seen less as a means of understanding the world and more as an encumbrance that can be pushed aside if it stands in the way of wishful thinking, and when authoritarian leaders are drawing ever larger crowds, epistemology needs to matter.

Peter Ellerton, Senior Lecturer in Critical Thinking; Curriculum Director, UQ Critical Thinking Project, The University of Queensland

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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These are some nonfiction books from my shelf.  Some I often recommend to students who are doing research. 

100 Books that Changed the Worlds, by Scott Christianson and Colin Salter

The Shallows: What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains, by Nicholas Carr

Consumed: How Markets Corrupt Children, Infantilize Adults, and Swallow Citizens Whole, by Benjamin Barber

The Coming Global Superstorm, by Art Bell, Whitley Streiber

Leisure the Basis of Culture, by Josef Pieper

Common Sense, by Thomas Paine

The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of The Learning Organization, by Peter M. Senge

How to Read and Why, by Harold Bloom

The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World, by Jeremy Rifkin

The Elements of Style, by William Strunk and E.B. White

The Uses of Enchantment, by Bruno Bettelheim

On Writing Well: An Informal Guide to Writing Nonfiction, by William Zinsser

Writing to Learn: How to Write – And Think – Clearly About Any Subject At All, by William Zinsser

The Spirit of Zen: A way of life, work, and art in the far east, by Alan Watts

The Phenomenon of Man, by Teilhard de Chardin

The Divine Milieu, by Teilhard de Chardin

Teilhard de Chardin: The Man and His Meaning, by Henri De Lubac

The New SuperLeadership: Leading Others to Lead Themselves, by Charles Manz, Henry Sims

Tough Choices OR Tough Times: The Report of the new Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce.  National Center on Education and the Economy

Making Professional Development Schools Work: Politics, Practice and Policy, by Marsha Levine, Roberta Trachtman (Editors)

An American Imperative: Higher Expectations for Higher Education: An Open Letter to Those Concerned about the American Future. The Wingspread Group on Higher Education

Beyond the University: Why Liberal Education Matters, by Michael S. Roth

Outliers, by Malcolm Gladwell

David and Goliath, by Malcolm Gladwell

Mindset: The New Psychology Of Success, by Carol Dweck

Other Minds: The Octopus, The Sea and The Deep Origins of Consciousness, by Peter Godfrey-Smith

The Story of Ethics: Fulfilling Our Human Nature, by Kelly Clark, Anne Poortenga

The Social Conquest of Earth, by Edward O. Wilson

The Universe and Dr. Einstein: The Clearest, Most Readable Book on Einstein’s Theories Ever Published, by Lincoln Barnett (Foreword by Albert Einstein)

The Great Work: Our Way into the Future, by Thomas Berry

The Hidden Heart of the Cosmos: Humanity and the New Story, by Brian Swimme

The Dancing Universe: From Creation Myths to the Big Bang, by Marcelo Gleiser

Global Paradox, John Naisbitt

The Underground History of American Education: An Intimate Investigation into the Prison of Modern Schooling, by John Taylor Gatto (signed copy)

A Different Kind of Teacher: Solving the Crisis of American Schooling, by John Taylor Gatto

Childhood Lost: How American Culture is Failing Our Kids, Edited by Sharna Olfman

Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder, by Richard Louv

Horace’s Hope: What Works for the American High School, by Theodore Sizer

Left Back: A Century of Battles Over School Reform, by Diane Ravitch

The Global Achievement Gap: Why Even Our Best Schools Don’t Teach the New Survival Skills Our Children Need – And What we Can Do About It, by Tony Wagner

Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools, by Jonathan Kozol

The Age of American Unreason in a Culture of Lies, by Susan Jacoby

The Knowledge Deficit: Closing the Shocking Education Gap for American Children, by E.D. Hirsch, Jr.

The Closing of the American Mind, by Allan Bloom

Ask The Beasts: Darwin and the God of Love, by Elizabeth A. Johnson

Evolutionary Faith: Rediscovering God in Our Great Story, by Diarmuid O’Murchu

Brave New World Revisited, by Aldous Huxley

The Doors Of Perception Includes Heaven and Hell, by Aldous Huxley

George Orwell Into the Twenty-First Century, Edited by Thomas Cushman and John Rodden

A Brief History of Time, by Stephen Hawking

Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, by Yuval Noah Harari